Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Epidemiologia/educação , Saúde Global , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Países em Desenvolvimento , Epidemiologia/tendências , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Cooperação Internacional , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administração , Estados Unidos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
During an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Saudi Arabia, oral rifampicin (four doses in two days) was compared with a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone for prophylaxis in family contacts of patients with meningococcal disease. Pharyngeal samples were taken for culture before and 1 and 2 weeks after administration. Both follow-up cultures indicated that ceftriaxone was significantly more effective. At 1 week the eradication rates for ceftriaxone and rifampicin were 97% and 75%; at 2 weeks they were 97% and 81%, respectively. No serious side-effects were associated with either agent. Ceftriaxone may provide an effective alternative to rifampicin for prophylaxis in meningococcal contacts.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/prevenção & controle , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Surtos de Doenças , Meningite Meningocócica/prevenção & controle , Neisseria meningitidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Orofaringe/microbiologia , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Ceftriaxona/administração & dosagem , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Injeções Intramusculares , Masculino , Meningite Meningocócica/epidemiologia , Meningite Meningocócica/transmissão , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Neisseria meningitidis/isolamento & purificação , Distribuição Aleatória , Recidiva , Rifampina/administração & dosagem , Arábia SauditaRESUMO
During a severe drought Port-au-Prince, Haiti, lost hydroelectric power for 10 weeks. This led to water shortages in areas of the city dependent on water supplied from electrically driven pumps. In a study of the impact of water restriction on disease, 400 families were randomly selected from two urban areas differentially affected by the water shortage. Disease in children was found to be related to quantity of water used, socioeconomic status, employment of head of household, and family size. The methods used in this study are recommended for the investigation of the relationship between water quantity and health.
Assuntos
Nível de Saúde , Saúde , Privação de Água , Abastecimento de Água , Ingestão de Líquidos , Características da Família , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Morbidade , Mortalidade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Abastecimento de Água/normasRESUMO
Two clinical trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of 3 antimicrobial agents often recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever. Chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral ampicillin or oral co-trimoxazole (trimethaprim/sulphamethoxazole) in reducing the duration of fever. Oral chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral chloramphenicol probably because oral doses resulted in higher blood concentrations of the drug. However, parenteral chloramphenicol was given during the initial period of acute illness, without loss of efficacy.
Assuntos
Ampicilina/uso terapêutico , Cloranfenicol/uso terapêutico , Febre Paratifoide/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfametoxazol/uso terapêutico , Trimetoprima/uso terapêutico , Febre Tifoide/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Oral , Adulto , Cloranfenicol/administração & dosagem , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Combinação de Medicamentos , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intramusculares , Masculino , Febre Paratifoide/microbiologia , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhi/isolamento & purificação , Febre Tifoide/microbiologiaAssuntos
Vacinas contra Cólera , Cólera/imunologia , Vibrio cholerae/imunologia , Administração Oral , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Antitoxinas/análise , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Cólera/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Cólera/efeitos adversos , Fezes/microbiologia , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Injeções , Masculino , Testes de Neutralização , Toxoides , Vacinação , Vibrio cholerae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
El Tor Ogawa C14-S5 and EW-6, two live vaccine candidate strains, were given to volunteers in varying doses with and without bicarbonate. Vibrios were found in the stool of one of 32 men given the vaccine strain, and only three men developed a significant titer rise (fourfold or greater) at 2 weeks of vibriocidal or antitoxic antibody. Five men who had previously received 10(9) organisms of the C14-S5 strain were challenged subsequently with virulent Ogawa 395 Vibrio cholerae. The rate of clinical infection in these men was no different than in unvaccinated controls. It was demonstrated that the live oral cholera vaccines did not remain viable in the intestine long enough to act antigenically.
